Il reato di immigrazione clandestina nella legislazione francese e britannica

Il dibattito in corso in questi giorni nel nostro paese in materia di sicurezza ed immigrazione ben rappresenta lo stato assoluto di confusione ed ignoranza che regna sovrano nella politica e nel mondo della giustizia italiana.

Imperversano le notizie, le più disparate e le meno fondate, senza che si levino autorevoli richiami alla necessaria riflessione ed alla adozione di un metodo empirico-razionale finalizzato al conseguimento di risultati concreti, immediatamente e chiaramente valutabili (cosa che ci appare indispensabile in una moderna democrazia).

La politica legislativa viene affidata alla emotività di risposte semplicemente congegnate per esaurirsi nel circuito politico-mediatico, senza che nessuno si interroghi su utilità pratica delle misure da intraprendere, mettendole in relazione ai risultati che si vogliono perseguire.

Vengono invece annunziate riforme confuse e senza consapevolezza degli effetti che ne deriveranno, tutto l'opposto di quanto dovrebbe accadere; tutto ciò viene inoltre fatto inserendo nell'ordinamento norme dal forte impatto sistematico, delle cui interrelazioni col sistema (e quello giuridico è un sistema di grande sensibilità) non importa a nessuno.

Offriamo di seguito alcuni dati su cui si è molto straparlato e poco ricercato.

Quali sono le norme che sanzionano l'ingresso illegale nel territorio nazionale in alcuni grandi paesi europei nostri partner?

Questo blog per impostazione culturale e valutazione utilitaristica è contrario alla introduzione di una figura di reato connessa all'immigrazione clandestina ma è consapevole che comunque per poter deliberare è necessario conoscere. Intendiamo dunque fornire un piccolo contributo al dibattito.

FRANCIA

Il reato di immigrazione clandestina come previsto nella legislazione francese, contenuto nel CESEDA, il codice che regola le problematiche connsesse all'immigrazione.

TITRE II. - Sanctions

Chapitre Ier.

Entrée et séjour irréguliers

Art. L. 621-1. - L'étranger qui a pénétré ou séjourné en France sans se conformer aux dispositions des articles L. 211-1 et L. 311-1 ou qui s'est maintenu en France au-delà de la durée autorisée par son visa sera puni d'un emprisonnement d'un an et d'une amende de 3 750 euros.La juridiction pourra, en outre, interdire à l'étranger condamné, pendant une durée qui ne peut excéder trois ans, de pénétrer ou de séjourner en France. L'interdiction du territoire emporte de plein droit reconduite du condamné à la frontière, le cas échéant à l'expiration de la peine d'emprisonnement.Art. L. 621-2. - Les peines prévues à l'article L. 621-1 sont applicables à l'étranger qui n'est pas ressortissant d'un État membre de l'Union européenne :1° S'il a pénétré sur le territoire métropolitain sans remplir les conditions mentionnées aux points a, b ou c du paragraphe 1 de l'article 5 de la convention signée à Schengen le 19 juin 1990 , et sans avoir été admis sur le territoire en application des stipulations des paragraphes 2 ou 3 de l'article 5 de ladite convention ; il en est de même lorsque l'étranger fait l'objet d'un signalement aux fins de non-admission en application d'une décision exécutoire prise par un autre État partie à ladite convention; 2° Ou si, en provenance directe du territoire d'un État partie à cette convention, il est entré ou a séjourné sur le territoire métropolitain sans se conformer aux stipulations de ses articles 19, paragraphe 1 ou 2, 20, paragraphe 1, et 21, paragraphe 1 ou 2, à l'exception des conditions mentionnées au point e du paragraphe 1 de l'article 5 et au point d lorsque le signalement aux fins de non-admission ne résulte pas d'une décision exécutoire prise par un autre État partie à la convention.

REGNO UNITO

Di seguito la previsione contenuta nell'Immigration Act del 1971, section 24.

Immigration Act 1971 (c. 77)

Main body

Part III Criminal Proceedings

24.
Illegal entry and similar offences.— (1) A person who is not [F1 a British citizen] shall be guilty of an offence punishable on summary conviction with a fine of not more than [F2 [ F3 level 5]on the standard scale] or with imprisonment for not more than six months, or with both, in any of the following cases:—
(a)
if contrary to this Act he knowingly enters the United Kingdom in breach of a deportation order or without leave;
F4 (aa)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b)
if, having only a limited leave to enter or remain in the United Kingdom, he knowingly either—
(i)
remains beyond the time limited by the leave; or
(ii)
fails to observe a condition of the leave;
(c)
if, having lawfully entered the United Kingdom without leave by virtue of section 8(1) above, he remains without leave beyond the time allowed by section 8(1);
(d)
if, without reasonable excuse, he fails to comply with any requirement imposed on him under Schedule 2 to this Act to report to [F5 a medical officer of health] [ F5 the chief administrative medical officer of a Health Board] [ F6 or the chief administrative medical officer of a Health and Social Services Board], or to attend, or submit to a test or examination, as required by such an officer;
(e)
if, without reasonable excuse, he fails to observe any restriction imposed on him under Schedule 2 or 3 to this Act as to residence [F7 as to his employment or occupation] or as to reporting to the police [F8 , to an immigration officer or to the Secretary of State];
(f)
if he disembarks in the United Kingdom from a ship or aircraft after being placed on board under Schedule 2 or 3 to this Act with a view to his removal from the United Kingdom;
(g)
if he embarks in contravention of a restriction imposed by or under an Order in Council under section 3(7) of this Act.
[F9 (1A) A person commits an offence under subsection (1)(b)(i) above on the day when he first knows that the time limited by his leave has expired and continues to commit it throughout any period during which he is in the United Kingdom thereafter; but a person shall not be prosecuted under that provision more than once in respect of the same limited leave.]
F10 (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(3) The extended time limit for prosecutions which is provided for by section 28 below shall apply to offences under [F11 subsection (1)(a) and (c)] above.
(4) In proceedings for an offence against subsection (1)(a) above of entering the United Kingdom without leave,—
(a)
any stamp purporting to have been imprinted on a passport or other travel document by an immigration officer on a particular date for the purpose of giving leave shall be presumed to have been duly so imprinted, unless the contrary is proved;
(b)
proof that a person had leave to enter the United Kingdom shall lie on the defence if, but only if, he is shown to have entered within six months before the date when the proceedings were commenced.
Annotations:
Amendments (Textual)
F1
Words substituted by British Nationality Act 1981 (c. 61), s. 52(7), Sch. 4 para. 2
F2
Words substituted (E.W.) (S.) (11.4.1983) by virtue of (E.W.) Criminal Justice Act 1982 (c. 48), ss. 38, 46 and (S.) Criminal Procedure (Scotland) Act 1975 (c. 21), ss. 289F, 289G (as inserted by Criminal Justice Act 1982 (c. 48), s. 54), and (N.I) by virtue of S.I. 1984/703 (N.I. 3), arts. 5, 6
F3
Words in s. 24(1) substituted (1.10.1996) by 1996 c. 49, s. 6; S.I. 1996/2053, art. 2, Sch. Pt. III
F4
S. 24(1)(aa) repealed (14.2.2000) by 1999 c. 33, s. 169(1)(3), Sch. 14 para. 50, Sch. 16; S.I. 2000/168, art. 2, Sch. (which amending provision is extended (with modifications) to Jersey (5.6.2003) by S.I. 2003/1252, art. 2 , Sch.)
F5
Words “the chief” to “Health Board” substituted for words “a medical officer of health” (S.) by National Health Service (Scotland) Act 1972 (c. 58), Sch. 6 para. 155; continued by National Health Service (Scotland) Act 1978 (c. 29), Sch. 15 para. 10
F6
Words inserted (N.I.) by S.R. & O. (N.I.) 1973/256, Sch. 2
F7
Words inserted by Immigration Act 1988 (c. 14, SIF 62), s. 10, Sch. para. 10(3)(4)
F8
Words in s. 24(1)(e) substituted (10.2.2003) by 2002 c. 41, s. 62(9) (with s. 159); S.I. 2003/1, art. 2 , Sch.
F9
S. 24(1A) inserted by Immigration Act 1988 (c. 14, SIF 62), s. 6(1)(3)
F10
S. 24(2) repealed (14.2.2000) by 1999 c. 33, s. 169(1)(3), Sch. 14 para. 50, Sch. 16; S.I. 2000/168, art. 2, Sch. (which amending provision is extended (with modifications) to Jersey (5.6.2003) by S.I. 2003/1252, art. 2 , Sch.)
F11
Words “subsection (1)(a) and (c)” substituted for “subsection (1)(a), (b)(i) and (c)” by Immigration Act 1988 (c. 14, SIF 62), s. 6(2)(3)
Modifications etc. (not altering text)
C1
S. 24 modified (2.8.1993) by S.I. 1993/1813, arts. 7(1), 1, Sch. 4 para 1(7)
C2
S. 24(1)(a)(b) amended (S.) by Criminal Justice (Scotland) Act 1980 (c. 62), s. 26, Sch. 1